1. Physics (20 Scientists)

1. Sir Isaac Newton – Formulated the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation.
2. Albert Einstein – Developed the Theory of Relativity and the famous mass-energy equivalence formula ($E=mc^2$).
3. Michael Faraday – Discovered electromagnetic induction and formulated the laws of electrolysis.
4. Nikola Tesla – Developed the Alternating Current (AC) electrical system and early wireless technology.
5. James Clerk Maxwell – Created the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation.
6. Niels Bohr – Developed the Bohr model of the atom and contributed to quantum mechanics.
7. Max Planck – Founder of quantum theory, introducing Planck's constant.
8. Richard Feynman – Pioneered quantum electrodynamics (QED) and Feynman diagrams.
9. Werner Heisenberg – Formulated the quantum uncertainty principle.
10. Erwin Schrödinger – Developed the Schrödinger wave equation in wave mechanics.
11. Stephen Hawking – Discovered thermal radiation from black holes (Hawking Radiation) and advanced cosmology.
12. Enrico Fermi – Created the first artificial nuclear reactor and contributed to quantum theory.
13. Ernest Rutherford – Discovered the atomic nucleus, earning renown as the father of nuclear physics.
14. Henri Becquerel – Co-discovered radioactivity.
15. J.J. Thomson – Discovered the electron.
16. Paul Dirac – Predicted the existence of antimatter through the Dirac equation.
17. Lord Kelvin – Formulated the second law of thermodynamics and established the Kelvin temperature scale.
18. Claude Shannon – Founder of information theory.
19. Robert Hooke – Formulated Hooke's law of elasticity and coined the biological term "cell".
20. Peter Higgs – Co-predicted the mass-giving Higgs Boson particle.

2. Astronomy & Cosmology (15 Scientists)

21. Galileo Galilei – Pioneered observational astronomy using the telescope and championed heliocentrism.
22. Nicolaus Copernicus – Proposed the heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the solar system.
23. Johannes Kepler – Formulated the laws of planetary motion.
24. Edwin Hubble – Proved that the universe is expanding and formulated Hubble's law.
25. Carl Sagan – Popularized planetary science and hosted the iconic Cosmos television series.
26. Tycho Brahe – Provided highly accurate astronomical observations of planetary positions.
27. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Calculated the mass limit for white dwarf stars (Chandrasekhar limit).
28. Aristotle – Established early ancient frameworks for natural philosophy and astronomy.
29. Claudius Ptolemy – Formulated the geocentric model of the universe (Ptolemaic system).
30. Alexander Friedmann – Developed mathematical models for an expanding universe.
31. Georges Lemaître – Proposed the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe.
32. Annie Jump Cannon – Developed the stellar spectral classification system.
33. Vera Rubin – Provided foundational observational evidence for dark matter.
34. Arthur Eddington – Provided the first observational proof of Einstein's general relativity during a solar eclipse.
35. Kip Thorne – Contributed to the detection of gravitational waves and black hole physics.

3. Chemistry (15 Scientists)

36. Dmitri Mendeleev – Creator of the Periodic Table of Elements.
37. Antoine Lavoisier – Established the law of conservation of mass and is widely regarded as the father of modern chemistry.
38. Marie Curie – Discovered radium and polonium; pioneered research on radioactivity.
39. John Dalton – Proposed modern atomic theory.
40. Amedeo Avogadro – Formulated Avogadro's law regarding molecular gas volumes.
41. Linus Pauling – Pioneered the nature of chemical bonds and protein structures.
42. Louis Pasteur – Invented pasteurization and developed the germ theory of disease.
43. Humphry Davy – Isolated several chemical elements including sodium, potassium, and calcium.
44. Robert Boyle – Formulated Boyle's law for gases and helped lay the foundations of modern chemistry.
45. Svante Arrhenius – Proposed the ionic theory of dissociation for acids and bases.
46. Fritz Haber – Developed the Haber-Bosch process for synthesizing atmospheric ammonia.
47. Alfred Nobel – Invented dynamite and established the Nobel Prizes.
48. Gilbert N. Lewis – Developed the covalent bond and electron-dot structures.
49. Ahmed Zewail – Pioneered femtochemistry, studying chemical reactions on ultra-short time scales.
50. Frederick Soddy – Conceived the concept of isotopes for radioactive elements.

4. Biology, Genetics & Medicine (20 Scientists)

51. Charles Darwin – Formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection.
52. Gregor Mendel – Discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance, founding modern genetics.
53. Alexander Fleming – Discovered penicillin, the world's first effective antibiotic.
54. Jonas Salk – Developed the first successful polio vaccine.
55. James Watson – Co-discovered the double-helix structure of DNA.
56. Francis Crick – Co-discovered the structure of DNA and deciphered the genetic code.
57. Rosalind Franklin – Captured critical X-ray diffraction images (Photo 51) revealing the structure of DNA.
58. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek – Developed advanced microscopes and discovered bacteria and protozoa.
59. Carl Linnaeus – Father of modern taxonomy and binomial nomenclature.
60. Edward Jenner – Pioneered the smallpox vaccine, laying the groundwork for immunology.
61. Robert Koch – Identified the causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.
62. William Harvey – Accurately described the systemic circulation of blood pumped by the heart.
63. Andreas Vesalius – Revolutionized human anatomy with detailed dissections and illustrations.
64. Jennifer Doudna – Co-invented the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology.
65. Emmanuelle Charpentier – Co-developer of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing.
66. Barbara McClintock – Discovered mobile genetic elements ("jumping genes").
67. Alexander von Humboldt – Founded biogeography and ecological science.
68. Ronald Ross – Discovered the malaria parasite vector lifecycle in mosquitoes.
69. Alexis Carrel – Pioneered vascular suture techniques and organ transplantation concepts.
70. Joseph Lister – Introduced antiseptic surgery practices.

5. Mathematics & Computer Science (20 Scientists)

71. Alan Turing – Father of modern computer science, theoretical computer science, and artificial intelligence.
72. Archimedes – Formulated foundational principles in geometry, hydrostatics, and mechanical leverage.
73. Carl Friedrich Gauss – "Prince of Mathematicians," contributing vastly to number theory and analysis.
74. Euclid – Father of geometry, author of Elements.
75. Joseph Fourier – Developed Fourier series and analyzed heat flow mathematics.
76. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – Independently co-invented calculus and binary arithmetic.
77. Ada Lovelace – Created the world's first computer algorithm for Babbage's analytical engine.
78. Charles Babbage – Designed the first mechanical computers (Difference Engine and Analytical Engine).
79. Pythagoras – Formulated the Pythagorean theorem for right-angled triangles.
80. Srinivasa Ramanujan – Made extraordinary contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, and infinite series.
81. René Descartes – Developed Cartesian coordinate geometry and analytical philosophy.
82. John von Neumann – Formulated computer architecture, game theory, and quantum logic.
83. Blaise Pascal – Contributed to probability theory, projective geometry, and mechanical calculators.
84. Leonhard Euler – Prolific mathematician who pioneered graph theory, topology, and modern mathematical notation.
85. Pierre de Fermat – Formulated Fermat's Last Theorem and early number theory.
86. Al-Khwarizmi – Father of algebra and algorithms (from whose name the word "algorithm" derives).
87. Bernhard Riemann – Developed Riemannian geometry, which later underpinned Einstein's relativity.
88. Satyendra Nath Bose – Developed Bose-Einstein statistics and predicted the boson particle class.
89. Tim Berners-Lee – Inventor of the World Wide Web (WWW).
90. George Boole – Founder of Boolean algebra, the mathematical foundation of digital logic circuits.

6. Earth Science & Classical Scholars (10 Scientists)

91. Al-Biruni – Accurately calculated the Earth's radius and contributed extensively to geodesy.
92. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) – Authored The Canon of Medicine, a monumental medical encyclopedia.
93. Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham) – Pioneer of optics, the scientific method, and the camera obscura.
94. William Smith – Created the first nationwide geological map and founded stratigraphy.
95. Alfred Wegener – Proposed the continental drift theory.
96. Eratosthenes – First to accurately calculate the circumference of the Earth.
97. James Hutton – Father of modern geology, establishing the concept of deep time.
98. Inge Lehmann – Discovered Earth's solid inner core within the liquid outer core.
99. Robert Peary – Led early expeditions to explore polar geography and the geographic North Pole.
100. Charles Francis Richter – Developed the Richter magnitude scale for measuring earthquake sizes.